P01 - TECTONICS AND HIGH-PRESSURE METAMORPHISM IN NORTHWEST TURKEY
A.I. Okay
North-West Turkey straddles a major Tethyan suture, and exposes Cretaceous blueschists and Triassic eclogites. The main aim of this excursion will be to show the high pressure metamorphic rocks of North-West Turkey in a regional tectonic framework. The Tethyan Izmir-Ankara suture divides North-West Turkey into two zones. The Northern Sakarya Zone comprises a basement of Late Triassic high-pressure greenschist and eclogite facies metabasic rocks of probable oceanic plateau origin, unconformably overlain by Jurassic-Cretaceous sediments. The Southern Tavsanli Zone constitutes one of the largest and best preserved glaucophane-lawsonite blueschist belts in the world, with regional distribution of jadeite, lawsonite and glaucophane. The Cretaceous blueschists are tectonically overlain by a Cretaceous oceanic accretionary complex and ophiolite. The suture separating the two zones is represented by a major strike-slip fault. Westwards towards the Aegean, a large metamorphic core complex of late Oligocene age has developed in the Sakarya Zone. The highlights of the excursion will include: the Izmir-Ankara suture; blueschist metapelites with jadeite, lawsonite, chloritoid and glaucophane; purple jades comprising jadeite, K-feldspar and lawsonite, aragonitized limestones, Triassic eclogite, Cretaceous eclogites in an accretionary complex overlying an Oligocene metamorphic core complex. Short visits to Troy and Assos will be made.

P02  - STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, STRATIGRAPHY AND VOLCANICS ACROSS THE APENNINIC - MAGHREBIAN OROGEN IN SICILY
F. Lentini, P. Guarnirei, M. Coltelli & S. Branca
This field trip, of general interest, will cross Eastern Sicily and end with a view of Mount Etna. The aim is to illustrate the stratigraphy and structural characteristics of the main tectonic units, which compose the Apenninic-Maghrebian Orogen in Sicily. Going across Eastern Sicily it will be possible to analyze foreland sequences (Hyblean carbonates and volcanics), Mesozoic oceanic rocks of the palaeo-Ionian basin, the Meso-Cenozoic carbonate platforms (Panormide), allochthonous basinal sequences of the Tethys (Sicilide) and the crystalline nappes of the delaminated European continental margin (Kabilo-Calabride Units). The mostly detached Tertiary flysch-type successions will also be observed (Numidian Flysch and internal Flysches). The field trip will permit a reconstruction of the original location of the examined sequences in the Central Mediterranean paleogeography and will allow an understanding of the general geodynamic evolution, including times and modality of the Tyrrhenian opening and the role of the Etnean volcanism in this sector of the Apenninic-Maghrebian Orogen. The field trip will allow the opportunity to visit sites of historical and touristic interest.

P03 - ACTIVE TECTONISM ALONG THE DEAD SEA TRANSFORM IN JORDAN
A. M Abed, M. Atallah, & A. Al-Masri
Main structures along the transform fault. Active tectonics of the Dead Sea that affect the raised Holocene-Pleistocene deposits. Volcanic activity (3.7 Ma-0.5 Ma), which is recorded along the regional E-W Zarqa Ma'in Fault truncating the Dead Sea Transform. Hot water and oil seepages along the Rift. The stratigraphic sequence which crops out along the Dead Sea Transform. Petra (geology and archeology). General information: 3 days; The departure and arrival point is Amman City; Travel by bus. The degree of physical effort is medium. Hot and dry; Temperatures: 30-40°C.

P05 - ITALIAN ALPINE LANDSLIDES
M. Amanti, C. Cesi, D.Fossati, M. Ceriani, F. Pozza, D. Sciunnach, G. Crosta,, .L. Nossing, V. Mair, A. Corsini. S. Cocco, P. Campedel, A. Franceschini, M. Zambotto & G. Zampedri.
Italy is a country in which geological disasters occur frequently. From 1945 to 1990 landslides and mass movements resulted in more then 3,500 deaths and caused a great amount of damage. The Italian Geological Survey, together with the Regional Geological Surveys, is preparing an inventory of the landslides that occurred on Italian territory (IFFI Project), linked to a comprehensive database, to be used as a support for decision makers in natural hazard reduction. Regional administrations, directly responsible for landslide matters, initiated many monitoring and hazard evaluation studies, in order to reduce the landslide hazard and risk at a local level. The aim of this field trip will be to show some examples of large landslides that occurred in Northern Italy in recent years and to describe the efforts that are being made to reduce landslide hazards on  a regional/national scale (IFFI Project) and on a local scale (slope movement monitoring and warning systems). During the excursion it will also be possible to enjoy amazing alpine landscapes, taste and buy delicious local foods, drink the region's famous wines (Pinot, Teroldego Rotaliano, Inferno) and "grappa"of course, and unwind in a relaxing, hot thermal bath.

P07 - DEEP-SEA FLUID EXPULSION AND RELATED PRODUCTS IN THE MIOCENE FOREDEEP AND SATELLITE BASINS OF THE NORTHERN APENNINES, ITALY
P. Clari, S. Conti, D. Fontana & M. Taviani
This field trip will focus on the chemosynthetic carbonate deposits of the Northern Apennines and in particular on the relationships between fluid expulsion, authigenic carbonates and sedimentary instability during the middle-late Miocene. Special topics will be the processes and products related to fluid expulsion ("brecciated structures"). A two-day itinerary will include the Modena-Romagna Apennines and Savio Valley, outlining the most relevant Ligurian, epi-Ligurian and Miocene foredeep successions of the Northern Apennines. The main stratigraphic sections will be shown in detail, concentrating on facies analysis, compositional, paleontological, paleoecological, paleoenvironmental and paleogeographical aspects. Outstanding geological scenarios and cultural-archeological sites will be visited during the excursion.

P09 - IGNIMBRITIC DEPOSITS IN CENTRAL ITALY: PYROCLASTIC PRODUCTS OF THE QUATERNARY AGE AND ETRUSCAN FOOTPATHS
G. Nappi,L. Valentini & M. Mattioli
The volcanic areas of Quaternary age between Southern Tuscany and Northern Latium constitute a marvelous natural laboratory for volcanologists. Here we will examine deposits of large explosive volcanic eruptions linked to caldera collapse phenomena in the source areas. The field trip, which includes visits to the Vulsino, Cimino, Vicano and Sabatino volcanic districts, will allow participants to observe the volcanological characteristics of these areas first-hand, offering insights into their nature in terms of eruptive and depositional mechanisms. There will also be visits to unique historical sights where we can learn about past and present use of tuffs and lava: from Etruscan graves and monuments to modern buildings.

P10 - CONTRASTING PATTERNS OF LATE  QUATERNARY TECTONIC UPLIFT AROUND THE COASTLINE OF SICILY
F. Antonioli, S. Kershaw, P. Renda & D. Rust
Sicily sits astride the African - European plate boundary and much of the Eastern coastline is defined by a major fault system juxtaposing continental and oceanic-affinity crust. This complex tectonic setting, the subject of recent plate-tectonic modeling studies, also involves Mount Etna, Europe's most active volcano. Several coastal sites, particularly on the Eastern (high uplift) and Northern coastline (quasi still-stand), display well-preserved sequences of marine terraces, most notably including those assigned to the Tyrhennian primarily on the basis of the distinctive Strombus bubonious warm-water fossil mollusc and now at elevations up to about 130 m. Newly published work by the leaders of the trip has extended the tectonic record into the Holocene by using uplifted and laterally extensive marine notch features formed at sea level; the carbonate bedrock and microtidal environment of the Mediterranean allowing unusually high precision. Fruitful interdisciplinary discussions are expected between field trip participants on formation mechanisms, dating and tectonics.

P11 - VARISCAN BASEMENT IN NORTH SARDINIA AND CORSICA
R. Carosi, A. Di Pisa, D. Jacopini, C. Montomoli, G. Oggiano & P. Rossi
Northern Sardinia and Corsica pertain to the "inner" zone of the Southern European Variscan segment . In Sardinia where the outcrops show better continuity this segment is characterized by greenschist facies - to high-grade metamorphic rocks and consists of two metamorphic complexes: A) a polymetamorphic high-grade complex made up of LP/HT migmatites (Migmatite complex) retaining granulite relic assemblages of high-intermediate P and unknown age, which corresponds to the Northernmost part of Sardinia and extends to Corsica and B) a medium grade, chiefly metapelitic complex, consisting of micaschists and paragneisses bearing Ky±Stau ± Grt and including quartzites and N-MORB metabasalts boudins. In places this complex is confined along a narrow, NNW trending belt outcropping in Northern Sardinia (Posada Asinara Line). Thrusting, or combined thrusting-wrenching, of complex A onto complex B is apparent in places where the contact is not complicated by late-Variscan retrograde strike-slip shears. Within the collisional frame, the high-grade migmatite complex has been regarded as a crustal nappe comparable to the inner crystalline nappe of the French Massif Central, whereas the high-strain complex B has been regarded as the Sardinian segment of the Southern Variscan suture zone re-equilibrated under intermediate P amphibolite facies conditions. Later on, during the upper Carboniferous, this chain sector was affected by HT/LP metamorphism and intruded by the Corsica-Sardinia batholith. This excursion will give a general view of the Variscan chain in both the islands focusing on the transition from the pre-collisional evolution up to the late post-collisional extension and on the stratigraphic, metamorphic and magmatic evolution.

P12 - THE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE OF THE JURASSIC LIGURIAN TETHYS: FORMATION AND  SUBDUCTION
G.B. Piccardo, E. Rampone, A. Romairone, M. Scambelluri, P. Elter, N. Malaspina, G. Molli, R. Tribuzio & R. L. M. Vissers
This field trip aims at showing the petrological and structural features related to formation and consumption of the oceanic lithosphere in the Mesozoic Ligurian Tethys. This lithosphere consisted of a  peridotite-gabbro basement covered by MORB volcanites and radiolarian cherts. The Ligurian Tethys was originated by passive extension of the Adria-Europe lithosphere, which caused tectonic denudation and sea-floor exposure of the subcontinental mantle, and  was closed by subduction during convergence between the Europe and Adria plate. The field trip will concern two classic sections of the Ligurian ophiolites: 1) the obducted ophiolites of the Liguride Units of the Northern Apennines, and 2) the subducted high-pressure ophiolites of  the Alpine Erro-Tobbio Unit of the Voltri  Massif. The excursion will focus on the structural, petrologic and geochronologic knowledge of mantle peridotites and gabbroic-basaltic crustal  rocks of the Northern Apennine ophiolites, and on the tectonic and metamorphic evolution of  subducted, HP recrystallized mafic-ultramafic rocks of the Voltri Massif, with the aim of highlighting the petrologic and geodynamic processes governing the formation and subduction of this peculiar oceanic lithosphere.

P13 - LANDSLIDES OF THE EMILIA APENNINES (NORTHERN ITALY)
G. Bertolini , M. Pizzaiolo, G. Bertolini, M.T. De Nardo, G. Larini & M. Pizziolo
During the periods 1994-1999 and 2000-2001, the mountainous territory of the Emilia-Romagna Region suffered the  reactivation of many previously dormant landslides which damaged and threatened villages and communication routes. This field trip will show some examples of large landslides and describe the slope movement monitoring and warning systems recently implemented. Among the landslides that will be visited, the spectacular Corniglio landslide (Province of Parma) is without doubt the largest with its 100 m depth and 110 million m3 volume. During its last reactivation (starting in 1994 and still active) 70 buildings and 5 storehouses were destroyed. Other landslides in the Modena (Valoria landslide), Reggio Emilia (Lavina di Roncovetro and Valestra landslides) and Parma (Tosca landslide) provinces will also be visited. If the weather is good, we will have an aerial view of these landslides by means of helicopter. A large amount of data will be presented and discussed during the field trip, such as the relationships between rainfall (or snowmelt), groundwater and movements. The efforts of the regional administration in this field cover a large spectrum of disciplines, such as cartography, real-time monitoring and other investigations, which will be exhibited and discussed.

P14 - HISTORICAL-GEOLOGICAL EVENTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON MAN
T. S. Pescatore, A. Cinque, M. R. Senatore, C. Rosskopf, A. Cinque, C. Caiazzo, T. S. Pescatore, M. Boscaino, G. Capretto, F. Pinto, M. R. Senatore, G. Robustelli, C. Rosskopf, V. Ceglia, A. Ciarallo, G. Greco, G. Tocco, G. Avagliano, G. Bisogno, C. A. Fiammenghi & M. Russo
This field trip tackles a multidisciplinary subject in a highly cultural context, that of Southern Italy. The mutual relationship between the occurrence of recent geological events and the course of historical events in the last 2,500 years will be demonstrated at several sites in Southern Italy. In each site a detailed geological reconstruction, emphasizing the evolution of the environment, will be compared with the development of human civilization (especially Greek and Roman). We will examine the main changes in geological features and the archeological evidence of catastrophic events, such as the volcanic eruptions (i.e. Pompeii and Herculaneum in 79 A.D.), high magnitude earthquakes (i.e. Saepinum in 360 A.D.) and significant floods (i.e. Benevento in Late Roman times). The proposed sites, some of them considered the most exciting in the world, will be visited with contributions by archeologists.

P15 - SEDIMENTARY AND TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF SELECTED NEOGENE-QUATERNARY BASINS OF THE APENNINES (ITALY)
M. Sagri, I.P. Martini, V. Pascucci, G.P. Cavinato & F. Sandrelli
During Neogene and Quaternary times, Apennine sedimentary basins developed in extensional, transtensional and compressional regimes. The purpose of this field trip will be to show sedimentary successions and structural features connected with the formation and the evolution of these basins. The selected areas are (i) Southern Tuscany where dominant extension, possibly punctuated by compression, occurred in the late Miocene-Pliocene and (ii) Latium and Abruzzo where extension and transtension occurred in late Pliocene and Pleistocene times. The field trip will cover areas where the archeological and historical heritage of Italy can be observed from the Bronze Age through Etruscan and Roman times up to the Middle Ages. The magnificent medieval cities of Siena, Montalcino and L'Aquila will be visited. In addition, driving through Italy will provide the opportunity to discover different life styles, traditions, foods and wines.

P18 - THE APULIA CARBONATE PLATFORM-MARGIN AND SLOPE,LATE JURASSIC TO EOCENE OF THE MAIELLA MT. AND GARGANO PROMONTORY: PHYSICAL STRATIGRAPHY AND ARCHITECTURE
M. Morsilli, G. Rusciadelli & A. Bosellini
The main goal of this field trip will be the observation of the stratigraphic architecture of the Eastern margin, and its related slope and basin sediments of the Apulia carbonate platform along the unique on-land outcrop areas ( the Maiella Mountain and the Gargano Promontory). The Apulia carbonate platform represents a case study of a margin with very different evolution through time, from a progradational to aggradational trend and from erosional to by-pass. Very spectacular geometries and different systems are visible, in some cases at seismic scale view, in these areas. Onlap, interfingering, erosional features at different scale, slumping, breccia bodies, graded beds and pelagic sediments, are the main geometric features and related products. Drowning unconformity, scalloped margin and coalescence of various platform systems through time are the interpreted mechanisms that have driven the evolution of this carbonate platform. Many sites of cultural interest are present in the Gargano National Park. Beautiful landscapes, flora and fauna, cultural and religious traditions and delicious food are the main attractions of Apulia.

P20 - A GEOLOGICAL TRANSECT ACROSS THE SOUTHERN APENNINES ALONG THE SEISMIC LINE CROP 04
E. Patacca & P. Scandone
The Southern Apennine mountain chain is a complex fold-and-thrust belt built up during Neogene and Quaternary times. It basically consists of a buried duplex system of Mesozoic-Tertiary carbonate thrust sheets overlain by a thick pile of rootless nappes derived from platform and basin depositional realms. This trip will aim to illustrate a regional geological section across the entire thrust belt-foredeep-foreland system in the Campania-Basilicata-Apulia region. The transect, extending from the Tyrrhenian coast to the Adriatic, integrates stratigraphical and structural surface data with subsurface information partly derived from petroleum exploration and partly derived from the non-commercial line CROP 04. The latter is a reflection seismic line that allowed the recognition of well-organized events down to 9-10 seconds TWT, that is to say to depths exceeding 25 km. During the field trip, beautiful archeological and historical sites will be visited, including Paestum, the important town of Magna Grecia, Venosa, the hometown of the Latin poet Horace and Castel del Monte with its splendid medieval castle built by Emperor Frederick II.

P22 - GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SLOPE INSTABILITY IN THE DOLOMITES (NORTHERN ITALY): FROM LATEGLACIAL TO RECENT GEOMORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
L. Borgatti, M. Soldati, A. Corsini, A. Galoppo, A. Ghinoi, M. Marchetti, E. Oddone, M. Panizza, A. Pasuto, G.B. Pellegrini, E. Schiavon, C. Siorpaes, N. Surian & F. Tagliavini
This field trip will start in Venice and continue in mountainous areas (the Dolomites, North-Eastern Italian Alps) of unique geological and environmental interest, known worldwide for their spectacular scenery (e.g. Cortina d'Ampezzo). From the scientific viewpoint, the field trip will focus on geomorphology and engineering geology applied to slope instability. The main goal will be to show significant cases of mass movements of various type, size and age, which have affected the Dolomitic valleys since the retreat of the LGM glaciers including the recent catastrophic Vajont landslide (1963), which caused more than 2,000 casualties. Secondary goals are to highlight the relationships between geological structures and landscape evolution and to show the influence of Holocene climatic variations on slope instability phenomena. The field trip will also have a cultural interest, both artistic (visits to Venice and Verona) and historical (the sites and remnants of World War I battles in the Dolomites).

P25 - TRAVERTINES OF TUSCANY AND LATIUM (CENTRAL ITALY)
A. Minissale & N.C. Sturchio
Tuscany and Latium are unique for the quality and quantity of their travertine deposits. Genesis of travertines during the Late Quaternary is related to the lithology, hydrology, fluxes of heat and CO2, structural geology, climate, and volcanology of the peri-Tyrrhenian area (Roman Comagmatic Province). Topics to be considered during the trip are: i) neotectonics, ii) paleoclimate and hydrology, iii) geothermal activity, including gas vents and thermal springs (Larderello, Saturnia, and elsewhere), and iv) archeology. Aside from these topics, the field trip will show the quarrying, exploitation and modern use of travertines (Tivoli quarries) as well as its use in Roman times (the Colosseum, Villa Adriana at Tivoli), Renaissance and Baroque times (Villa d'Este at Tivoli and monuments in Rome), and the 20th century (EUR in Rome). This field trip will be of general scientific and historical interest to geologists, geochemists, and archeologists.

P27 - NORTHERN APENNINE AND CORSICA OPHIOLITES: THE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE OF THE LIGURE-PIEMONTESE BASIN AND ITS TRANSITION TO THE ADRIA CONTINENTAL MARGIN (ITALY)
V. Bortolotti, L. Cortesogno, L.Gaggero, D. Lahondere, M. Marroni, Molli, A. Montanini, L. Pandolfi, G. Principi, P. Rossi, E. Saccani, B. Treves & R. Tribuzio
The Jurassic ophiolites of the Northern Apennines and Corsica probably represent one of the best-studied and most famous examples of oceanic lithosphere preserved in a collisional belt. Due to the lack of high-grade orogenic metamorphism, the Northern Apennine ophiolites as well as some sequences from Alpine Corsica (Balagne and Inzecca ophiolites) display well
preserved pre-orogenic features in which the oceanic processes can be fully observed. For a long time, these ophiolites have been used in comparisons with the other ophiolites, worldwide. In particular, the Northern Apennine and Corsica ophiolites are characterized by a "peculiar" and incomplete sequence, whose origin in a slow-spreading ridge or in a transform fault setting is still debated. In addition, recent advances in the study on the ophiolite sequences on the external side of the Northern Apennines have highlighted the occurrence of an association of mantle lherzolites, basalts, granites and granulites. This association is regarded as representative of the transition area from ocean to Adria continental margin. On the whole, the Northern Apennine ophiolites provide an exceptional opportunity for a geotraverse across a well-preserved fossil oceanic basin, i.e. the Ligure-Piemontese basin, up to the ocean-continent transition. This field trip proposed by the Working Group on Mediterranean Ophiolites (GLOM) will visit the Ligurian-Emilian Apennines and the island of  Corsica.

P30 - METALLOGENY IN SARDINIA (ITALY): FROM THE CAMBRIAN TO THE TERTIARY
A. Marcello, S. Pretti, P. Valera, M. Agus, M. Boni, M. Fiori, A. Marcello, S. Pretti, P. Valera, M. Agus, M. Boni & M. Fiori
The main aim of this trip will be the metallogeny of Sardinia in the context of the geology of this Italian island. Both the metallogeny and geology of this island display a long and complex history, developed from at least the Cambrian up to the Tertiary-Quaternary. The numerous and often commercially important mineralized bodies, which include metallic ores as well as industrial minerals and fuels, allowed the development of long-lived mining operations (which lasted as long as 150 years). A few mines continue to produce and several projects remain in progress, while some of the old mines have been included in a Geo-Mining Park sponsored by UNESCO. A number of characteristic mining sites will be visited, and also several beautiful natural views will be seen, along with numerous monuments, including the unique prehistorical fortresses (nuraghes) of Sardinia, and Roman churches.

P32 - VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AT MOUNT ETNA (SICILY)
R. Cristofolini
Mount Etna, one of the largest active volcanoes in the Mediterranean area, or indeed, in Europe, shows peculiar petrological and geochemical features, related to a very complex structural setting. Its activity is the basis of myths and legends from classical times and records of its eruptions date back to several centuries BC. The volcano is located in a densely populated area, at the boundary between a thinned crustal domain (Ionian Sea) and continental crust (Sicily), where large regional fault systems intersect each other, next to the front of the South-verging overthrust pile of the Apennine-Maghrebian mountain range. Its products range from basal tholeiites to members of a Na-alkaline series (mostly hawaiites - mugearites), that show evidence of an imprint from a calc-alkaline component. The volcanic sequence is composed of lava flows, air-fall and (scarce) pyroclastic flow deposits and lahars, erupted by distinct volcanic centers. The field trip will aim at providing an opportunity to discuss the diverse parameters that control the volcanological and petrological features of the volcano, and  associated hazard-related problems.

P33 - WINES OF BORDEAUX AND COGNAC: GEOLOGY OF THE VINEYARDS
R. Bourrouilh, M. Broquedis & G. Darne
Known from Roman times, celebrated by the Latin Poet Ausone, appreciated by the English during the Middle Ages, world - renowned today, the famous vineyards of Bordeaux and Cognac are largely found in Aquitaine, in a beautiful historical and cultural landscape. The field trip will examine the most typical geological sections, to establish the main characteristics of the vineyards: soils, source rocks, climate, cepages, how the vines are grown, differences between the wine districts, such as Medoc, Graves, Sauternes etc. Visits to several very well-known Châteaux will be made, involving also tasting and differentiation of wines. The history of Wines and Cognacs will be illustrated by visits to cellars, production plants and historical cities such as Bordeaux, Cognac, Saint Emilion. The field trip will also go to the Cognac district, visiting the famous Oyster area of Marennes-Oléron along the way.

P35 - PLIO-PLEISTOCENE STRATIGRAPHIC AND TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE FORELAND-FOREDEEP-CHAIN SYSTEM IN SOUTHERN ITALY
P. Pieri, L. Sabato, M. Tropeano, S. Gallicchio, F. Loiacono & M. Schiattarella
This field trip will aim at demonstrating the Plio-Pleistocene evolution of the foreland-foredeep-chain system in Southern Italy. We will cross a complete geological section with well-exposed sedimentary sequences, from the inner side of the Apulian Foreland as far as the thrust sheets of the Apennines, through the foredeep (Bradanic Trough) and the coeval satellite Sant'Arcangelo Basin. The main topics will be the relationships between the stratigraphic architecture of the deposits and the pre-, syn- and post-depositional tectonics. Some amazing places of historical, prehistorical and geo-touristic importance included in natural parks will be visited (among them, the Sassi di Matera, an old hand-hewn rock town now a part of the UNESCO Patrimony; Metapontum, a Greek archeological settlement; the "Dolomiti lucane", a sharp, high ridge overlooking several villages).

P36 - PALEOGENE AND RECENT VOLCANISM IN THE EASTERN RHODOPES (BULGARIA), AND ON MILOS ISLAND (GREECE), AND RELATED INDUSTRIAL MINERALS
M. Fytikas, Y. Yanev, R. Ivanova, T. Iliev & S. Gier
In the Eastern Rhodope mountains, a huge and extended volcanism developed during the Paleogene. In Bulgarian territory, this field trip will focus on two points: a) different types of volcano-clastic products (ignimbrites, fall-out tuffs) and various volcanic massifs (domes, lava flows etc), b) their transformation by hydrothermal activity to industrial minerals (zeolites or bentonites) or by a quick cooling of the "border" lavas of the volcanic mass (perlites). In Milos, a typical volcanic arc island of Pliocene-Quaternary age, with a great variety of volcanic structures and products, we will visit a rhyolitic tuff ring with a diameter of 1,700 m, a gigantic pumice deposit, some great phreato-magmatic craters, spectacular lava-domes and flows, gigantic columnar dikes, numerous hydrothermal craters. A great variety of hydrothermal and industrial minerals was formed: bentonite, kaolin, barite, silica, alunite, sulphur, manganese, epithermal gold etc., together with an impressive geothermal field. A huge production activity exists, producing more than 1 million tonnes of bentonite and 500,000 tonnes of perlite yearly. We will visit some of the most important and interesting quarries.

P37 - HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE ISLAND OF SARDINIA (ITALY)
G. Barrocu, A. Vernier, F. Ardau, N. Salis, F. Sanna, M.G. Sciabica & S. Soddu
The coastal aquifers of the alluvial plains of Capoterra, Cagliari, Muravera, and Oristano, and the karsts of Calagonone- Dorgali will be visited, proceeding along the most scenic routes in Sardinia, in a succession of cliffs, beaches with wetlands and dunes, and rugged mountains. Practically all the geological events of the Mediterranean basin, from the Pre-Cambrian to the present day, are documented in this relatively small island (24,089 km2), with its 1,849.2 km of coastline, a quarter of the total length of Italy's coasts. Attention will focus on the effects of saltwater intrusion due to natural processes and especially human disturbance (river damming and mismanagement). The trip is of specific and general interest, from the hydrogeological, geological, environmental, archeological, and historical points of view.  Suspended between Europe and Africa, Sardinia was largely bypassed culturally, and many ancient traditions survive here among its population (1.5 million, with a density of 60 persons/km2), while only recently has the island been incorporated into the mainstream of modern civilization.

P38 - GEOLOGY OF THE ALPI APUANE METAMORPHIC COMPLEX (ALPI APUANE,CENTRAL ITALY)
L. Carmignani, P. Conti, M. Meccheri & G. Molli
The Alpi Apuane area represents the largest tectonic window in the Northern Italian Apennines chain, where the higher grade metamorphic rocks of the Northern Apennines outcrop. In this area it is possible to study relationships between all the tectonic units of the Northern Apennines nappe stack. In greater detail we will observe: a) the stratigraphy of all the tectonics units, from ophiolites and oceanic deep water sediments (Ligurides units) to sediments of the Apulia (Austroalpine) continental margin and the underlying Hercynian basement (Tuscan nappe and Massa unit); b) tectonics and mode of emplacement of all the tectonic units of the Northern Apennines; c) late-orogenic extension and kinematics of uplift of the metamorphic complexes of the Northern Apennines. In the Alpi Apuane area where the world-famous "Carrara marble" is quarried, microstructural evolution in this well-known rock-type will be discussed in the framework of the regional tectonic structure. This field trip will be of interest to those involved in both stratigraphy and structural geology of continental margin deformation and uplift.

P39 - SARDINIAN PALAEOZOIC BASEMENT AND ITS MESO -CAINOZOIC COVERS (ITALY)
S. Barca, G. Carannante, G. Cassinis, A. Cherchi, C. Corradini, L. Cortesogno, M. Del Rio, M. Durand, A. Ferretti, D. Fontana, A. Funedda, L. Gaggero, A.M. Garau, F.Leone, G. Macciotta,, M. Marchi, R. Matteucci, M. Murru, C. Neri, A. Loi, G. L. Pillola, P. Pittau, A. Ronchi, I. Salvatori, E. Sarria, R. Schroeder, E. Serpagli, L. Simone & C. Stefani
This field trip will allow examination of the most significant tectono-sedimentary events in Sardinia during the early Caledonian, Hercynian and Alpine cycles, from Early Cambrian to Late Cenozoic times. The Paleozoic successions, from Cambrian to Permian, show a great variety of facies, from rich fossiliferous to high-grade metamorphic bodies, allowing the study of peculiar features (Cambrian biotas and relationships with sequence stratigraphy, structural geology). The itinerary will cross the South-western (Sulcis, Iglesiente), central (Gerrei, Quirra, Trexenta, Sarcidano) and North-western (Nurra) regions, and includes: selected paleoecological analysis and evolution of carbonate platforms during Cambrian, Triassic to Cretaceous and Oligo-Miocene periods; Silurian and Devonian stratigraphy and paleobiogeography, Carboniferous, lower Permian and Permo-Triassic volcano-sedimentary continental successions. This trip includes visits to archeological, historical and artistic sites (Nuragic Culture, Roman, Middle Age and early 20th Century mining industry).